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Kaur, Rajdeep
- Toxic Evaluation of Subchronic Exposure to Cadmium, Imidacloprid, and their Combination on Hematological Parameters in Buffalo Calves
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1 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, GADVASU, Ludhiana - 141012, Punjab, IN
1 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, GADVASU, Ludhiana - 141012, Punjab, IN
Source
Toxicology International (Formerly Indian Journal of Toxicology), Vol 22, No 3 (2015), Pagination: 46-51Abstract
The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate hematological alterations induced by oral subchronic exposure to cadmium, imidacloprid, and their combination in buffalo calves. Cadmium exposure produced a significant decrease in hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, Total Erythrocyte Count (TEC), Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH), and MCH Concentration (MCHC). There was a significant increase in Total Leukocyte Count (TLC) but it did not produce any change in Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR). Repeated oral administration of imidacloprid produced a significant decrease in Hb, PCV, TEC, MCV, MCH, and MCHC; however, there was a significant elevation in the levels of ESR and TLC. The combined exposure of cadmium and imidacloprid produced a significant decline in Hb concentration, PCV, TEC, MCV, and MCHC. It produced a significant increase in ESR and TLC, but no changes were observed in the levels of MCH.Keywords
Buffalo Calves, Cadmium, Imidacloprid, Subchronic, Toxicity.
References
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- Sub-Acute Exposure of Fenvalerate in Buffalo Calves:Toxicokinetic Evaluation
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, IN
1 Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, IN
Source
Toxicology International (Formerly Indian Journal of Toxicology), Vol 24, No 2 (2017), Pagination: 162-166Abstract
The effect of sub-acute fenvalerate administration on its toxicokinetics was studied in male buffalo calves. Four healthy male buffalo calves were administered fenvalerate orally (@ 1 mg.kg-1.day-1) for 21 consecutive days. On day one, blood samples were collected for upto 48 h post administration for toxicokinetic study. The calves were then drenched at the same dose rate for 21 days and sampling was repeated on 21st day for toxicokinetic analysis. Concentrations of fenvalerate in the serum samples were analysed using gas chromatography (GC) and toxicokinetic parameters were calculated as per the non compartmental analysis. Significantly reduced distribution at steady state (0.11 L.kg-1 Vs 0.19 L.kg-1) on 21st day of continuous exposure compared to day one, clearly indicated limited distribution of the pesticide in various body fluids and tissues upon repeated administration. There was improved persistence of toxicant in the body upon sub-acute exposure as shown by significant increase in area under curve (AUC=156.4 Vs 69.1 μg.h.ml-1) after sub-acute administration. This fact was further supported by increased mean residence time (MRT=16.7 h Vs 12.6 h) of the pesticide. There was significant increase in the elimination half life (11.6 h Vs 8.74h) of the toxicant on day 21 compared to that observed on day 1, which was further underlined by a significant decrease in its clearance (0.006 Vs 0.015 L.kg-1.h-1). Sub-acute exposure of fenvalerate at the proposed dose rate resulted in limited tissue distribution, augmented persistence and slow elimination from the body of animals. This altered toxicokinetics of fenvalerate upon subacute exposure might be due to its effect on organs of metabolism and/elimination, thereby posing increased risk of toxicity in buffalo calves.Keywords
Fenvalerate, Sub-Acute, Toxicokinetic, Gas Chromatography, Buffalo Calves.References
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- Serum Levels and Half-Life of Carbaryl in Buffalo Calves after Subchronic Exposure:Implications for Withdrwal Times
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Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, IN
1 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, IN
Source
Toxicology International (Formerly Indian Journal of Toxicology), Vol 24, No 2 (2017), Pagination: 185-189Abstract
Carbaryl is recommended for use on fodders crops in India, but absolutely no work has been done on its toxicokinetics aspect in any species consuming these forage crops, including buffalo species. Since the toxicokinetics serves as a basis for recommending safe withdrawal period of any substance, the aim of this study was to compute important parameters of carbaryl after its subchronic exposure at recommended dose in order to serve as a guideline with regards to observation of meat withdrawal times in buffaloes exposed to carbaryl. Carbaryl was given at the dose rate of 1 mg/kg daily for 105 consecutive days and blood samples of each animal were collected, followed for extraction of carbaryl in serum. Carbaryl produced a gradual accumulation in serum of buffalo calves after oral exposure. There was variation in serum carbaryl levels from 3.31 ± 0.28 to 3.46 ± 0.61 ppm through day 15 to day 105 of exposure, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) was computed to be 363.0 ± 10.1μg.ml-1.day-1. Volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss) was found to be 0.162 ± 0.017 ml.kg-1. The overall elimination rate constant (Kel) and mean residential time (MRT) were calculated to be 0.017 ± 0.003 day-1 and 59.1 ± 7.8 days, respectively. Based on mean serum levels of carbaryl, the elimination half life (t1/2β) of carbaryl in buffalo calves was calculated to be 67.37 days. Carbaryl had a long half-life in in buffalo calves. This finding will serve as a guideline with regards to observation of meat withdrawal times in buffaloes exposed to carbaryl. This is very important since carbaryl is recommended for spraying over fodder crops to control pests. However further studies are needed to verify this by measuring actual tissue residue levels of carbaryl at regular time intervals after exposure.Keywords
Carbaryl, Buffalo, Half-Life, Serum, Chromatography.References
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- Carbamate Pesticide Carbaryl Induces Alterations in Antioxidant and Oxidative Stress Related Responses of Indian Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) after Sub-Chronic Exposure
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, IN
1 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, IN
Source
Toxicology International (Formerly Indian Journal of Toxicology), Vol 24, No 2 (2017), Pagination: 198-202Abstract
The aim of the present work was to study the alterations of the antioxidant defenses and the overall susceptibility to oxidative stress of the Bubalus bubalis exposed to the carbamate pesticide Carbaryl at the dose rate of 1mg/kg/day for 105 consecutive days produced no observable signs of toxicity in buffalo calves. However, it produced a significant increase in the extent of lipid peroxidation (42.9%) and in the activity of anti-oxidant enzymes namely glutathione peroxidase (39.2%), glutathione reductase (45.3%), glutathione-S-transferase (29%), superoxide dismutase (65%) and catalase (34.5%).On the other hand, carbaryl administration resulted in significant decrease in the blood glutathione level (26%), an important intra-cellular component of defense against oxidative damage, which is indicative of variations in the overall anti-oxidant profile of buffalo calves induced with sub-chronic carbaryl toxicosis. Overall the current results demonstrated the susceptibility of B. Bubalis to oxidative stress induced by the exposure to Carbaryl at an environmentally realistic concentrations, exposing the animal to the risk of oxidative stress damages. The observed responses can be used as sensitive biomarkers for the detection and assessment of effects caused by Carbaryl pesticide exposure.Keywords
Carbaryl, Oxidative Stress, Buffalo Calves, Anti-Oxidant Enzymes.References
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- Hematobiochemical Evaluation of Dermal Subacute Cypermethrin Toxicity in Buffalo Calves
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1 Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, IN
1 Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, IN
Source
Toxicology International (Formerly Indian Journal of Toxicology), Vol 21, No 3 (2014), Pagination: 283-287Abstract
Dermal exposure of cypermethrin, a type II synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, at dose rate of 0.25% for 14 consecutive days produced mild signs of toxicity in buffalo calves. It produced significant elevation in the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT; 39.5%), aspartate aminotransferase (AST; 32.0%), blood urea nitrogen (BUN; 57.7%), and plasma creatinine (30.0%). Cypermethrin also produced significant decrease in the hemoglobin (Hb) concentration (5.4%), packed cell volume (PCV; 3.4%), and total erythrocytic count (4.0%). Additionally, there was a significant increase in erythrocytic sedimentation rate (ESR; 3.1%). On the basis of the present study, it can be concluded that cypermethrin induces significant biochemical and hematological alterations in buffalo calves when exposed dermally.Keywords
Biochemical, buffalo calves, cypermethrin, dermal, hematology, toxicity- Toxic Effects of Sub-chronic Oral Exposure of Imidacloprid on Biochemical Parameters in Buffalo Calves
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1 Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana – 141 004, Punjab,, IN
1 Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana – 141 004, Punjab,, IN
Source
Toxicology International (Formerly Indian Journal of Toxicology), Vol 27, No 3&4 (2020), Pagination: 86-92Abstract
Imidacloprid, is a highly effective and widely used neonicotinoid insecticide for crop protection and veterinary pest control, which has gained a major market control in the past several years. The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the toxic potential of imidacloprid in buffalo calves when administered for prolonged periods. Evaluation of various biochemical markers of hepatic, renal and muscular injury was done using standardized procedures. Oral administration of imidacloprid (@ 0.5 mg/kg/day; 90 days) in male buffalo calves, produced varying degrees of nasal discharge, lachrymal discharge, lethargy and weakness. Imidacloprid exposure caused a significant increase in the levels of plasma aspartate aminotransferase (12.3%), alanine aminotransferase (172.2%), lactate dehydrogenase (13.7%), gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (57.5%), alkaline phosphatase (37.2%), acid phosphatase (220.0%), blood urea nitrogen (148.4%), creatinine (5.22%) and cholesterol (68.9%). However, no significant changes were observed in the enzymatic activity of creatine kinase, plasma cholinesterase as well as total protein and glucose levels.Keywords
Biochemical, Buffalo Calves, Imidacloprid, Subchronic.References
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